2. Between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless out of a population of about 410,000; half of those who evacuated fled across the bay to Oakland and Berkeley. The available seismological data support a significantly shorter rupture length, but these observations can be reconciled by allowing propagation at speeds above the S-wave velocity (supershear). April 18, 1906 San Francisco was wrecked by a Great Earthquake at 5:13 a.m., and then destroyed by the seventh Great Fire that burned for four days. Nor was it one of the strongest. The lowballing city figures may have been a public relations ploy to downplay the disaster with an eye on rebuilding the city. Others that hadn't been destroyed were dynamited by the Army forces aiding the firefighting efforts in attempts to create firebreaks. Seasonal Seismicity of Northern California Before the Great 1906 Earthquake, Tsunami Record from the Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, "A Unified Source Model for the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake", https://gizmodo.com/how-scientists-used-a-1906-photo-to-find-the-center-of-1832208787, "California Geological Survey – Seismic Hazards Zonation Program – Seismic Hazards Mapping regulations", "Aftershocks and Triggered Events of the Great 1906 California Earthquake", "Over 500 Dead; $200,000,000 lost in San Francisco Earthquake / All San Francisco May Burn", Casualties and Damage after the 1906 earthquake, "The Carmel Monterey Peninsula Art Colony: A History", "A Dreadful Catastrophe Visits Santa Rosa", The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, "Over 500 Dead, $200,000,000 Lost in San Francisco Earthquake", Stephen Sobriner, What really happened in San Francisco in the earthquake of 1906. Accumulated strain on the faults in the system was relieved during the earthquake… San Francisco Earthquake, 1906. [38] The devastating quake levelled about 80% of the city. how long did the san francisco earthquake of 1906 last ... ... 1906 earthquake 1). The total length of the rupture was 477 km, and the main epicentre was located about 3 km off the shore of San Francisco. [11], For years, the epicenter of the quake was assumed to be near the town of Olema, in the Point Reyes area of Marin County, due to local earth displacement measurements. [3] The strike-slip fault is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense, where the western (Pacific) plate moves northward relative to the eastern (North American) plate. His bold plan called for, among other proposals, Haussmann-style avenues, boulevards, arterial thoroughfares that radiated across the city, a massive civic center complex with classical structures, and what would have been the largest urban park in the world, stretching from Twin Peaks to Lake Merced with a large atheneum at its peak. The most powerful on record was the Chilean earthquake of May 1960, magnitude 9.5. Chinatown was rebuilt in the newer, modern, Western form that exists today. Where previously the river emptied into Monterey Bay between Moss Landing and Watsonville, it was diverted 6 miles (9.7 km) south to a new channel just north of Marina. He then leaped to the east and borrowing a kodak he took the picture of the train here presented." Finally, in April 1907, one of the buildings was renovated for outpatient care with 75 beds. For the 1851 fire, see, Ruins in the vicinity of Post and Grant Avenue. Some were started when San Francisco Fire Department firefighters, untrained in the use of dynamite, attempted to demolish buildings to create firebreaks. The Metropolitan Opera Company lost all of its traveling sets and costumes in the earthquake and ensuing fires. Early death counts ranged from 375[18] to over 500. "[51], The earthquake was crucial in the development of the University of California, San Francisco and its medical facilities. San Francisco earthquake of 1989, major earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay Area, California, U.S., on October 17, 1989, and caused 63 deaths, nearly 3,800 injuries, and an estimated $6 billion in property damage. [41], Early on April 18, 1906, recently retired Captain Edward Ord of the 22nd Infantry Regiment was appointed a Special Police Officer by Mayor Eugene Schmitz and liaised with Major General Adolphus Greely for relief work with the 22nd Infantry and other military units involved in the emergency. The night after Caruso's performance in Carmen, the tenor was awakened in the early morning in his Palace Hotel suite by a strong jolt. The maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet (6 m); geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet (8.5 m). Screenshot from SF Municipal code. The quake ruptured 296 miles of the San Andreas Fault and shook for 45 to 60 seconds. He was most impressed by the positive attitude of the survivors and the speed with which they improvised services and created order out of chaos. But the traumatized public reacted with fierce opposition. [58] The last official refugee camp was closed on June 30, 1908. General Frederick Funston had already decided that the situation required the use of federal troops. Many of the city's leading poets and writers retreated to Carmel-by-the-Sea where, as "The Barness", they established the arts colony reputation that continues today. 1906 San Francisco Earthquake on April 18, 1906. In Monterey County, the earthquake permanently shifted the course of the Salinas River near its mouth. Areas situated in sediment-filled valleys sustained stronger shaking than nearby bedrock sites, and the strongest shaking occurred in areas of former bay where soil liquefaction had occurred. They were painted navy blue, partly to blend in with the site, and partly because the military had large quantities of navy blue paint on hand. At the time of the disaster, San Francisco had been the ninth-largest city in the United States and the largest on the West Coast, with a population of about 410,000. Gold transfers from European insurance companies to policyholders in San Francisco led to a rise in interest rates, subsequently to a lack of available loans and finally to the Knickerbocker Trust Company crisis of October 1907 which led to the Panic of 1907. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, more than 40,000 people were relocated to a makeshift tent city in Golden Gate Park and were treated by the faculty of the Affiliated Colleges. Reconstruction was swift, and largely completed by 1915, in time for the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition which celebrated the reconstruction of the city and its "rise from the ashes". Before the quake, San Francisco was known as the "Queen of the West." [citation needed], Although the impact of the earthquake on San Francisco was the most famous, the earthquake also inflicted considerable damage on several other cities. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California's history and high on the lists of American disasters. San Francisco – Rebuilding After the 1906 Earthquake On the morning of April 18 th 1906, San Francisco was struck with violent tremors coming from the San Andreas Fault. Many intensity values of 8 (Moderate Damage) and 9 (Heavy Damage) occurred in a broad band along the rupture and extending as much as 60 miles to the east of the San Andreas fault. Web. Also, aside from merely expanding nonresidential uses in many neighborhoods, the fire created economic opportunities in new areas, resulting in clusters of business activity that emerged only in the wake of the disaster. At 5:12 a.m., Wednesday, April 18, 1906, San Franciscans were rudely awakened by a sharp jolt that lasted about 45 seconds. As damaging as the earthquake and its aftershocks were, the fires that burned out of control afterward were even more destructive. This created the need to train nursing students, and, in 1907, the UC Training School for Nurses was established, adding a fourth professional school to the Affiliated Colleges. Thus the state decided that insurers would have to pay again if another earthquake was followed by fires. Police officers, firefighters, and soldiers would regularly commandeer passing civilians for work details to remove rubble and assist in rescues. The most recent analyses support an offshore location for the epicenter, although significant uncertainty remains. [67] Twenty companies went bankrupt, and most excluded shake damage claims. (Slip on offshore segments of the San Andreas fault north and south of Shelter Cove is inferred from comparisons of geodetic observations made before and after 1906). [17] However, hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded. Del Monte attended the event at Lotta's Fountain on April 18, 2010 and the dinner at John's Restaurant the night before. [39], The city's fire chief, Dennis T. Sullivan, was gravely injured when the earthquake first struck and later died from his injuries. As with the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake there were fewer aftershocks than would have been expected for a shock of that size. San Francisco Earthquake, 1906. The earthquake was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada." Caruso died in 1921, having remained true to his word. He also made it clear that the majority of soldiers served the community well. [37], The fire following the earthquake in San Francisco cost an estimated $350 million at the time (equivalent to $7.67 billion in 2019). About 10 or 12 seconds after the shaking subsided, the city was rocked by a far more powerful temblor that lasted some 45 to 60 seconds. Lawson (1908) originally ascribed these later oscillations to reverberation of the tsunami within San Francisco Bay. [21], The earthquake and fire left long-standing and significant pressures on the development of California. The quake ruptured 296 miles of the San Andreas Fault and shook for 45 to 60 seconds. The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The death toll is uncertain. Its president also immediately chartered and financed the sending of two ships to return with shiploads of lumber from Washington and Oregon mills which provided the initial reconstruction materials and surge. Leaking gas was the catalyst for fires that quickly spread throughout the city and the lack of water made fire fighting a challenge. Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. 'Sure.' In the early morning of April 18th, 1906, as explained by History, a 275-mile segment of the San Andreas Fault slipped.Shock waves rippled from Los Angeles to Oregon, but in the general area of San Francisco, this manifested as a major earthquake with a … Brady, Matt. 1906 San Francisco earthquake: About 430 kilometers (270 mi) were ruptured in Northern California. [15] The shaking intensity as described on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale reached XI (Extreme) in San Francisco and areas to the north like Santa Rosa where destruction was devastating. National Underwriter/P&C [New York] April 18, 2006: 12–16. 1906 San Francisco Earthquake on April 18, 1906. But this plan was dismissed during the aftermath of the earthquake. Research Center), "At almost precisely 5:12 a.m. local time, a foreshock occurred [citation needed]. Looking southwest from Post and Stockton streets. Leonard D. Wildman of the U.S. Army Signal Corps[31] reported that he "was stopped by a fireman who told me that people in that neighborhood were firing their houses...they were told that they would not get their insurance on buildings damaged by the earthquake unless they were damaged by fire". All residents were eligible for daily meals served from a number of communal soup kitchens and citizens as far away as Idaho and Utah were known to send daily loaves of bread to San Francisco as relief supplies were coordinated by the railroads. The tremor itself, which struck in the early morning of April 18, lasted for about a minute and caused immense destruction, especially in the areas of reclaimed land around the bay where land effectively became fluid during the event – a process known as liquefaction. The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the quake on the modern moment magnitude scale is 7.9; values from 7.7 to as high as 8.3 have been proposed. "Soldiers in the Streets, 1906," The Pacific Historian, Spring 1978 (vol. Since 1915, the city has officially commemorated the disaster each year by gathering the remaining survivors at Lotta's Fountain, a fountain in the city's financial district that served as a meeting point during the disaster for people to look for loved ones and exchange information. [49] This formed the basis of the chapter "On some Mental Effects of the Earthquake" in his book Memories and Studies. 1906 San Francisco Quake: How large was the offset? Before the quake, San Francisco was known as the "Queen of the West." For a list of these companies see Tilmann Röder, deadliest earthquakes in the history of the United States, 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, April 18, 1906, List of disasters in the United States by death toll, "Where Can I Learn More About the 1906 Earthquake? The houses were designed by John McLaren, and were grouped in eleven camps, packed close to each other and rented to people for two dollars per month until rebuilding was completed. [7], The 1906 earthquake preceded the development of the Richter magnitude scale by three decades. Over 80% of the city of San Francisco was destroyed. The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake is one of the most significant earthquakes at all time. The great earthquake broke loose some 20 to 25 seconds later, with an epicenter near San Francisco. Clutching an autographed photo of President Theodore Roosevelt, Caruso made an effort to get out of the city, first by boat and then by train, and vowed never to return to San Francisco. Strobridge,William. [6] This is equivalent to $11.4 billion in 2020 dollars. Ord later wrote a long letter[42] to his mother on the April 20 regarding Schmitz's "Shoot-to-Kill" Order and some "despicable" behavior of certain soldiers of the 22nd Infantry who were looting. Constructing new mansions without reclaiming and clearing old rubble simply sped attaining new homes in the tent city during the reconstruction. with sufficient force to be felt widely throughout the San [8] According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, severe deformations in the earth's crust took place both before and after the earthquake's impact. [69] The insurance payments heavily affected the international financial system. The total length is 296 miles (477 kilometers). The greatest damage of the 1906 earthquake occurred when many of San Francisco's water and gas mains were ruptured. Some property owners deliberately set fire to damaged properties, to claim them on their insurance. The cottages cost on average $100 to put up. [62] These relief efforts were not enough to get families on their feet again, and consequently the burden was placed on wealthier members of the city, who were reluctant to assist in the rebuilding of homes they were not responsible for. For comparison, the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake had … [citation needed], For example, real estate investors and other land owners were against the idea due to the large amount of land the city would have to purchase to realize such proposals. On the morning of April 18, 1906, a massive earthquake shook San Francisco, California.Though the quake lasted less than a minute, its immediate impact was disastrous. The city of San Francisco, along with a significant part of California, lies in an earthquake-prone zone caused by the active San Andreas Fault system which runs from Cape Mendocino all the way to the Mexico/U.S. Though the quake lasted less than a minute, its immediate impact was disastrous. (Credit: Underwood Archives/Getty Images) The quake, estimated at a 7.9 magnitude, caused a fire that burned for three days. Until 1906, the school faculty had provided care at the City-County Hospital (now the San Francisco General Hospital), but did not have a hospital of its own. The camps had a peak population of 16,448 people, but by 1907 most people had moved out. On April 20, the U.S.S. some, Steinbrugge [9] Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles, and as far inland as central Nevada. Nor was it one of the strongest. High-intensity shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area. April 19, 1906. Intensity today is measured on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, severe deformations in the earth's crust took place both before and after the earthquake's impact. Nancy Stoner Sage (February 19, 1905 – April 15, 2010) died, aged 105, in Colorado just three days short of the 104th anniversary of the earthquake on April 18, 2010. [65][66] At least 137 insurance companies were directly involved and another 17 as reinsurers. For the 1989 earthquake, see, "San Francisco fire" redirects here. Individual citizens and businesses donated large sums of money for the relief effort: Standard Oil gave $100,000; Andrew Carnegie gave $100,000; the Dominion of Canada made a special appropriation of $100,000 and even the Bank of Canada in Ottawa gave $25,000. "Supply Situation In Hand Despite Destruction of Depot; Provisions on Way From East," Presidial Weekly Clarion, (Presidio of San Francisco), 27 April 1906. The Call-Chronicle-Examiner. [45] In his first public statement, California governor George Pardee emphasized the need to rebuild quickly: "This is not the first time that San Francisco has been destroyed by fire, I have not the slightest doubt that the City by the Golden Gate will be speedily rebuilt, and will, almost before we know it, resume her former great activity". The lowering of sea level over about 16 minutes was followed by a series of oscillations with an approximate period of 40-45 minutes. In April 1906, the tenor Enrico Caruso and members of the Metropolitan Opera Company came to San Francisco to give a series of performances at the Grand Opera House. [66], After the 1906 earthquake, global discussion arose concerning a legally flawless exclusion of the earthquake hazard from fire insurance contracts. The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program issued a series of Internet documents,[76] and the tourism industry promoted the 100th anniversary as well. The main shock was followed by many aftershocks and some remotely triggered events. These include San Jose and Santa Rosa, the entire downtown of which was essentially destroyed.[24][25][26]. Leaking gas was the catalyst for fires that quickly spread throughout the city and the lack of water made fire fighting a challenge. [54] The Chinese occupants had other ideas and prevailed instead. One of the modest 720 sq ft (67 m2) homes was purchased in 2006 for more than $600,000. [19][20] Most of the deaths occurred in San Francisco itself, but 189 were reported elsewhere in the Bay Area; nearby cities, such as Santa Rosa and San Jose, also suffered severe damage. [36] The original California flag used in the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt at Sonoma, which at the time was being stored in a state building in San Francisco, was also destroyed in the fire. Click to see full answer. In the 1960s, a seismologist at UC Berkeley proposed that the epicenter was more likely offshore of San Francisco, to the northwest of the Golden Gate. The main temblor, having a 7.7–7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and was the result of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile San Andreas fault. [61] London raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. San Francisco earthquake of 1906, major earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that occurred on April 18, 1906, at 5:12 am off the northern California coast. Alice Eastwood, the curator of botany at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, is credited with saving nearly 1,500 specimens, including the entire type specimen collection for a newly discovered and extremely rare species, before the remainder of the largest botanical collection in the western United States was destroyed in the fire. border. Supershear propagation has now been recognized for many earthquakes associated with strike-slip faulting. [47], Almost immediately after the quake (and even during the disaster), planning and reconstruction plans were hatched to quickly rebuild the city. [79] Vivian Illing (December 25, 1900 – January 22, 2009) was believed to be the second-oldest survivor at the time of her death, aged 108, leaving Herbert Hamrol (January 10, 1903 – February 4, 2009) as the last known remaining survivor at the time of his death, aged 106. [30] In total, the fires burned for four days and nights. The Bank of Italy had evacuated its funds and was able to provide liquidity in the immediate aftermath. There were decades of minor earthquakes – more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California – before the 1906 quake. Newman, who survived San Francisco's 1906 earthquake, died in July 2015 at the age of 113. Their aim: a uniform solution to insurance payouts resulting from fires caused by earthquakes. (From "The 1906 California Earthquake", David Starr Jordan, Editor, 1907, A.M. Robertson, San Francisco.) I believe these people would more than half like the situation. The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake is one of the most significant earthquakes at all time. The strong shaking of the main shock lasted about 42 seconds. [40] In addition, accusations of soldiers themselves engaging in looting also surfaced. He then leaped to the east and borrowing a kodak he took the picture of the train here presented." [12], Analysis of triangulation data before and after the earthquake strongly suggests that the rupture along the San Andreas Fault was about 500 kilometres (310 mi) in length, in agreement with observed intensity data. The most powerful on record was the Chilean earthquake of May 1960, magnitude 9.5. "The Great San Francisco Earthquake & Fires of 1906." Collection of the UC Berkeley Earthquake Engineering 2. "[71][72] The author attribute this to migrants opting not to go to severely affected cities while migrating to the American West. [70], A 2020 study found that cities that were more severely affected by the earthquake "experienced lower population increases relative to less affected cities until the late 20th century. The massive earthquake that shook San Francisco to its core in the early hours of April 18, 1906, ignited a howling blaze that threatened total destruction of the city. Action intended to save the city may have added to the chaos, injuries, deaths and damage. More than two years later, many of these refugee camps were still in operation. [55][56][57], While the original street grid was restored, many of Burnham's proposals inadvertently saw the light of day, such as a neoclassical civic center complex, wider streets, a preference of arterial thoroughfares, a subway under Market Street, a more people-friendly Fisherman's Wharf, and a monument to the city on Telegraph Hill, Coit Tower. [Nash, Jay R. Darkest Hours, p. 492] The interim fire chief sent an urgent request to the Presidio, a United States Army post on the edge of the stricken city, for dynamite. They aided the fire department in dynamiting to demolish buildings in the path of the fires. Saul, Eric, and Don DeNevi. Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fire. The most important characteristic of the shaking intensity noted in Andrew Lawson's (1908) report was the clear correlation of intensity with underlying geologic conditions. The Army also became responsible for feeding, sheltering, and clothing the tens of thousands of displaced residents of the city. At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened by an earthquake that would devastate the city. The $2 monthly rents went towards the full purchase price of $50. On April 18, 1906, At almost precisely 5:12 a.m., local time, a foreshock occurred with sufficient force to be felt widely throughout the San Francisco Bay area. The greatest damage of the 1906 earthquake occurred when many of San Francisco's water and gas mains were ruptured. The main shock of the 1906 earthquake lasted for approximately 42 seconds with other sources reporting a duration between 45 to 60 seconds so significantly less than one hour. [10], A strong foreshock preceded the main shock by about 20 to 25 seconds. The study also provides insight into what held the city back from making these changes before 1906: the presence of old residential buildings. 22, no. Due to a widespread practice by insurers to indemnify San Francisco properties from fire, but not earthquake damage, most of the destruction in the city was blamed on the fires. Award presentations, religious services, a National Geographic TV movie,[74] a projection of fire onto the Coit Tower,[75] memorials, and lectures were part of the commemorations. An insurance industry source tallies insured losses at $235 million, the equivalent to $6.69 billion in 2020 dollars. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fires killed an estimated 3,000 people and left over half of the city's population homeless. April 18, 1906. Until 1910, a few countries, especially in Europe, followed the call for an exclusion of the earthquake hazard from all fire insurance contracts. Blazes … (From "The 1906 California Earthquake", David Starr Jordan, Editor, 1907, A.M. Robertson, San Francisco.) [citation needed] In 1929, Bank of Italy was renamed and is now known as Bank of America. Berkeley: University of California, 2005. [28] Within three days,[29] over 30 fires, caused by ruptured gas mains, destroyed approximately 25,000 buildings on 490 city blocks. Other earthquake-endangered countries followed the California example. In reconstruction, developers built relatively fewer of these buildings, and the majority of the reduction came through single-family houses. The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest earthquakes in the history of the United States. The city's fire chief, Dennis T. Sullivan, who would have been responsible for coordinating firefighting efforts, had died from injuries sustained in the initial quake. Eadweard Muybridge and the Photographic Panorama of San Francisco, 1850-1880. [52], The grandeur of citywide reconstruction schemes required investment from Eastern monetary sources, hence the spin and de-emphasis of the earthquake, the promulgation of the tough new building codes, and subsequent reputation sensitive actions such as the official low death toll. [66] Lloyd's of London reports having paid all claims in full, thanks to the leadership of Cuthbert Heath, more than $50 million[68] and the insurance companies in Hartford, Connecticut, report also paying every claim in full, with the Hartford Fire Insurance Company paying over $11 million and Aetna Insurance Company almost $3 million. 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